Prescriptivists - Prescriptivist Approach. there is a correct way to use language and any deviation is incorrect. Descriptivist Approach. explores social and cultural influences on language change- welcomes variants of language and doesn't make value judgements. Key areas of change that interest prescriptivists and descriptivists:

 
Jul 1, 2019 · Question 8: Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented. Keywords for the question: descriptivists, prescriptivists, misrepresented, Take a look at the last paragraph where the author says, “In our own time, the opposition between descriptivists and prescriptivists has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal ... . Phd in water resources engineering

to engage with prescriptivists and with the general public, so as to better understand their ideas and. concerns regarding linguistic prescriptivism and language norms. 7. Acknowledgements.Epistemological ethical intuitionism holds that at least some moral convictions are beliefs, literally true, and known to be such by their self-evidence.(4) Those who think moral convictions are not really beliefs but instead sentiments or commitments (emotivists, prescriptivists) reject epistemological ethical intuitionism.prescriptivist ý nghĩa, định nghĩa, prescriptivist là gì: 1. believing that there are correct and wrong ways to use language and that books about language…. 5. The phrase an awful lot of is neutral when it uses awful in the sense "Exceedingly great; usually applied intensively. [ E.g. ] an awful bonnet [and] I have learnt an awful amount today." This sense applies if the phrase is not used sardonically. For example, sardonic tone could cause "What an awful lot of fish!"Simply put, prescriptivism is an attitude that prescribes how language should be and how you, as its speaker, must use it. A prescriptivist most often promotes Standard English or a similar variety. This is the variety of English you will find in most textbooks, government letters and notices and in your English classroom.Oct 15, 2012 · Of course, not all prescriptivists agree on what the rules (and exceptions) should be. Many derive their rules from authoritative works, like Fowler’s 1926 work A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, or Strunk and White’s The Elements of Style, now in its 53 rd year of printing. Linguists, prescriptivists and the general public…and the media A variety of attitudes exist within each of three groups involved with prescriptivism: linguists, prescriptivists and the general public. And in addition to these, since it comes up in the articles That was the point of the clarification I made in my first paragraph, defining a prescriptivist linguist as one who makes judgments about the grammaticality of constructions used by native speakers. There are many ways to interpret "prescriptivist linguist"; I chose the one that I suspected was most relevant to the poster, but stated I was ...308K subscribers in the linguistics community. This subreddit is currently **limited** in protest. See pinned post (first post when you sort by…The Prescriptivists, however, believe that language is as much an art form as a utility. It's one thing to name objects and command that traffic laws be obeyed, another thing to express oneself with clarity, precision and cultivation. It's the difference between playing a scale and playing a sonata; between eating for nourishment and eating ...prescriptivism is a straw man popular among people who play at linguistics. they say prescriptivists tell people the right way to use language, but i, i, a descriptivist, simply describe how language is used, without saying what is right or wrong. furthermore, my description is the right one and you should use it. ...On July 2013, the working group convened by the U.S. Access Board released its list of best practices for making prescription drug container label information accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired or elderly. The best practices offered are advisory only. NCD developed a trifold brochure summarizing these best practices and ...Aquí nos gustaría mostrarte una descripción, pero el sitio web que estás mirando no lo permite.Many prescriptivists believe that modern linguistics is to blame for the deterioration in terminology standards, as it tends to focus on real rather than perceived terminology usage. Descriptivists study how people speak and try to come up with rules that account for it, accepting different forms that are prevalent regionally and being open to ...Oftentimes, prescriptivists are just big ole fuddyduddies, and many of them aren't proper linguists. Linguistic theory, as a whole, has barely made a dent in the vast majority of prescriptivist literature. Prescriptivists who decry, for example, AAVE as "wrong" or "stupid" or "lacking of grammar" are being racist, even if they fail to ...Defining & explaining prescriptivist noun [ C ] us / prɪˈskrɪp.tɪ.vɪst / uk / prɪˈskrɪp.tɪ.vɪst / language specialized The meaning of PRESCRIPTIVE is serving to prescribe. How to use prescriptive in a sentence.- [Voiceover] Hello grammarians, we're gonna talk about that versus which but I would like to start off by saying that in the study of grammar there's basically this long, on-going fight between two camps and it's between the prescriptivists, who believe that language has concrete rules that need to be abided by, and the descriptivists, who also believe that language has rules, but see ...Robert Lowth - Prescriptivist. Robert Lowth was the Bishop of the Church of England, a grammarian, poet and author of 'A short introduction to English Language (1762)' - This was one of the most influential books of its time. The book argued that some grammatical constructions were incorrect e.g split infinitives. Old English - 5th Century.Should grammar matter as much when we speak as it does when we write? Here are two very different takes on the matter:Many prescriptivists believe that modern linguistics is to blame for the deterioration in terminology standards, as it tends to focus on real rather than perceived terminology usage. Descriptivists study how people speak and try to come up with rules that account for it, accepting different forms that are prevalent regionally and being open to ...View Notes - Mod 2 from ANT 3620 at University of Florida. Prescriptivists: follow close to rules to establish proper grammar and punctuation Descriptive Linguistics: interested in describingPrescriptives is No Longer a Beauty Brand of the PastIf you've been around the beauty industry for a few decades or more, you've undoubtedly heard of Prescriptives cosmetics. This legendary cosmetics brand was a staple in the 80's, 90's, and into the early 2000's. Prescriptives cosmetics was founded on the belief that the most important … Continue reading "Prescriptives Review"Prescriptivism is a theory about moral statements. It claims that such statements contain an element of meaning which serves to prescribe or direct actions. The history of prescriptivism includes Socrate s, Aristotle, Hume, Kant and Mill, and it has been influential also in recent times. Moral statements also contain a factual or descriptive ...When Prescriptivists Overprescribe. Robert Lane Greene 4:43 PM. Welcome to another round of the Language Wars. By now we know the battle lines: As a “descriptivist,” I try to describe language ...Prescriptivists follow the tradition of the classical grammars of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, which aimed to preserve earlier forms of those languages so that readers in subsequent generations could understand sacred texts and historical documents. Modern grammarians aim to describe rather than prescribe linguistic forms and their uses.Prescriptivism is a theory about moral statements. It claims that such statements contain an element of meaning which serves to prescribe or direct actions. The history of prescriptivism includes Socrate s, Aristotle, Hume, Kant and Mill, and it has been influential also in recent times. Moral statements also contain a factual or descriptive ... descriptivist definition: 1. believing that books about language should describe how language is really used, rather than…. Learn more.Walgreens Pharmacy Services allow you to conveniently fill prescriptions, chat with a pharmacist, set reminders and more. Contact Walgreens Pharmacy today. 3. Frankly--and as a pragmatist and not a grammarian, it's six of one, half dozen of the other. Some grammarians might prefer your first example to your second, because the latter begins a sentence with or, when you could just as easily have inserted a comma before or to create a compound sentence. The first example allows for a for a …In it, Pinker argues that the "great debate" between prescriptivists and descriptivists is a false one, and that most modern linguists don't fall into one of these two extremes. In other words, following all of the fussy, outdated rules ("Never split an infinitive!") isn't some kind of high moral stance, and allowing the "correct ...Oct 6, 2023 · Hence, the answer is ‘H’ (prescriptivists). 10: F: Paragraph 4 claims that the authoritarian nature of the approach is ‘ best characterised by its reliance’ (place great importance) on ‘ ‘rules’ of grammar’ (grammatical rules). Some usages are ‘prescribed,’ to be learnt and followed accurately’ (prescriptivism). Hence, the ... Prescriptivists. A forum for those Word Games that plague the Earth. Forum rules. 88 posts Page 3 of 9. Jump to page: ...Maksud prescriptivist dalam kamus Corsica dengan contoh kegunaan. Sinonim prescriptivist dan terjemahan prescriptivist ke dalam 25 bahasa.The rival factions are the prescriptivists —believers in hard and fast rules concerning writing and speaking, and the descriptivists, who are more flexible regarding the validity of the changing nature of language. The impetus for the article is a book, The Language Wars: A History of Proper English, by English journalist Henry Hitchings, who ...Prescriptivists also don’t like double negatives or split infinitives. An example of a double negative is “she didn’t say nothing”. A split infinitive is adding an adverb between the word to and the verb you are using like “you seem to really like that”. Descriptivist. Descriptivist comes from descriptivism. Carol Percy is Associate Professor of English at the University of Toronto, where she teaches courses on literature and language and is writing a cultural history of later modern English grammar(s).N ot to rouse bad memories, but you may recall that my last column contained a list of complaints regarding the misuse of certain words. You may also remember other things about it: Cuchulain battling the sea, mention of "psychotic episodes," uncongenial dictionaries described as "scented and brilliantined degenerates" . . .Prescriptivists resist any form of change for the better, while descriptivists aren't afraid to accept the natural progression of linguistics. "English is indeed changing, as it must, but that such change is not debilitating. In fact, English is now changing in exactly the same ways that have contributed to making it the rich, flexible, and ...May 18, 2016 · Prescriptivism is pure pedantry, and those who identify as prescriptivists focus on tiny, unimportant details to the detriment of the whole written piece. No, this is actually the silliest argument. It wrongly equates a certain hip disregard for poindexter punctuation and spelling as indicative of a lack of greater aesthetic appreciation of ... prescriptivist descriptivism approach language quotes poppycock linguists views grammar theorists prescriptivism stack exchange when feel about begging question descriptivist problem that prescriptivist wiktionary plural prescriptivists someone lays down rules regarding usage believes traditional norms should think time make public private ...In the real world, however, practitioners of the two approaches often separate themselves into hostile camps. Prescriptivists accuse descriptivists of being anarchists who want to do away with all rules of language. Descriptivists accuse prescriptivists of uninformed bigotry. With each side posting guards at the ramparts to repel the enemy ...Prescriptivists once cringed when people used "awful" to mean "bad" instead of "inspiring with awe." Ambrose Bierce wrote that "dilapidated" should refer only to decaying stone buildings because ...- Prescriptivists may believe that the introduction of new language (such as figurative use of literally & like as a filler - semantic shift) is lazy and makes people sound stupid - Emma Thompson says of 'like' as filler 'it makes you sound stupid' and calls it 'sloppy'-> Damp spoon theory - language decay is a result of people being lazy - However, some parts of language change are accepted ... Oct 15, 2012 · Of course, not all prescriptivists agree on what the rules (and exceptions) should be. Many derive their rules from authoritative works, like Fowler’s 1926 work A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, or Strunk and White’s The Elements of Style, now in its 53 rd year of printing. Prescriptivists try to judge what best practice is and formulate rules to map out what’s good or acceptable. In the chapter “Grammar and Usage” in The Chicago Manual of Style , Bryan Garner says his aim is to guide “writers and editors toward the unimpeachable uses of language” (16th ed., 5.219, 15th ed., 5.201).It can be hard sometimes, when speaking, to remember all of the grammatical rules that guide us when we're writing. When is it right to say "the dog and me" and when should it be "the dog and I"? Does it even matter? Andreea S. Calude dives into the age-old argument between linguistic prescriptivists and descriptivists — who have two very different …quite imperfect, since both prescriptivists and descriptivists draw on their respective frameworks to make policy recommendations. In that sense, even "descriptivists" are doing much more than merely describing the world. Yet so CLIMATE CHANGEHeswyfore prescriptivists get mad about the mergers of /ɬ/ with /ʃ/ and /r̥/ with /r/ in lower class varieties. The latter is fairly common outside of very rich speech and some rural areas (think the whine-wine merger in English), especially since /r̥/ is a very marginal phoneme, if one at all (word initial realization of /r/ and of the ...The Main Lesson in David Foster Wallace's This is Water. The author of "This Is Water" uses the unique creation of persona through default setting, repetition of keywords, and ethos to get his message of the personal obligation our society needs in order to face "our lives, bodies, and minds.". David Foster Wallace was an American ...Robert Lowth - Prescriptivist. Robert Lowth was the Bishop of the Church of England, a grammarian, poet and author of 'A short introduction to English Language (1762)' - This was one of the most influential books of its time. The book argued that some grammatical constructions were incorrect e.g split infinitives. Old English - 5th Century.Prescription Diet foods offer therapeutic nutrition for a range of health conditions. They’re clinically tested and developed by a team of PhD nutritionists and veterinarians, so you can rest assured your pet is receiving premium nutrition backed by science. If your pet is facing a specific health condition, or you sense they need additional ...Kendra Calhoun. 2013. The word literally, which has recently gained popularity among young speakers, now has contradictory functions as a modifier for both literal and non-literal utterances. This study investigates uses of this word as well as young speakers' attitudes towards these contradictory uses. Syntactic environments and pragmatic ...Prescriptivists accuse descriptivists of being anarchists who want to do away with all rules of language. Descriptivists accuse prescriptivists of ...Prescriptivists also don’t like double negatives or split infinitives. An example of a double negative is “she didn’t say nothing”. A split infinitive is adding an adverb between the word to and the verb you are using like “you seem to really like that”. Descriptivist. Descriptivist comes from descriptivism.Prescriptivists resist any form of change for the better, while descriptivists aren't afraid to accept the natural progression of linguistics. "English is indeed changing, as it must, but that such change is not debilitating. In fact, English is now changing in exactly the same ways that have contributed to making it the rich, flexible, and ...Prescriptivists are those who criticise what they feel is the 'incorrect' use of language and set out rules on what they deem 'correct'. Descriptivists adopt the view that language naturally varies, especially in terms of differing dialects and they "want to tell you how people actually do speak and write" (Huddleston and Pullum ...Prescriptivists often view language as a set of rules that must be followed in order to communicate effectively and maintain social order. Prescriptivism can be seen in various areas of language usage, including grammar, spelling, pronunciation, and vocabulary. Prescriptivists often place a strong emphasis on adhering to standard forms of ...Prescriptivists follow the tradition of the classical grammars of Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, which aimed to preserve earlier forms of those languages so that readers in subsequent generations ...Dustin is a comic strip about Dustin Kudlick, an under motivated college grad who moves back in with his overachieving parents and teenage sister for “just a little while.”19 mar 2020 ... Writers of scientific articles are familiar with the advice to avoid using the passive voice. Prescriptivists argue that the passive leads ...1 Why grammars have to be normative - and prescriptivists have to be scientific. Geoffrey K. Pullum. 2 Verbal hygiene. Deborah Cameron. 3 Accent bias. Dominic Watt, Erez Levon and Christian Ilbury. 4 Historiographical methods. Nuria Yáñez-Bouza. 5 Corpus-based approaches to prescriptivism. Benedikt Szmrecsanyi and Dieuwertje BloemenArab World English JournalBusiness, Economics, and Finance. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. CryptoTerms in this set (10) Prescriptivism. Assumes a higher value for one form of language than others. Imposes authoritarian stance demanding the imposition of language rules, such as never ending a sentence with a preposition. Correct way to use language and any deviation is incorrect. Descriptivism.I suggest you delete the first two words of your first question. "Please tell me when I can get my check from you." Then it is no longer a question, it is a request. In actual usage, adding "Could you please tell me" simply makes the question more polite without changing the meaning in any way.Find 6 ways to say PRESCRIPTIVE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus.On that, the best descriptivists and prescriptivists should be ready to sign an armistice in the long and—not literally—bloody usage wars.In it, Pinker argues that the "great debate" between prescriptivists and descriptivists is a false one, and that most modern linguists don't fall into one of these two extremes. In other words, following all of the fussy, outdated rules ("Never split an infinitive!") isn't some kind of high moral stance, and allowing the "correct ...Dustin is a comic strip about Dustin Kudlick, an under motivated college grad who moves back in with his overachieving parents and teenage sister for “just a little while.”12 may 2020 ... Prescriptivists try to uphold rules that preserve and impose a 'correct' form of a language whereas descriptivists attempt to describe how ...They're just more liquid than prescriptivists would like. And those rules are made by everyone who speaks the language, not a few tweedy academics trying to boss everyone else around. OpinionCustomer: Is there an effective non-prescriptivists choice for our Welsh Pembroke Corgi's anxiety? Answered by Janie in 3 mins 3 years ago. Janie. Pet Specialist. 5,214 satisfied customers. Specialities include: Dog Veterinary, Dog Medicine, Dog Diseases, Small Animal Veterinary. Customer.Prescriptivists. A forum for those Word Games that plague the Earth. Forum rules. 88 posts Page 8 of 9. Jump to page: ...This A-Level English Language AQA Essay covers the Language Change topic of the course, and achieved an A*. The essay title is: 'Evaluate the idea that language change is beyond prescriptivist jurisdiction'. This is perfect for Year 12 and 13 students currently studying AQA A-Level English Language. CloisterWraith. Section A: Diversity and Change.Because, whether the prescriptivists like it or not, language continues to evolve. And if language is evolving, then the descriptions of language must evolve too. All very interesting, I hear you say.Synonyms for prescriptivist in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for prescriptivist. 8 synonyms for prescriptive: dictatorial, rigid, authoritarian, legislating, dogmatic ...As I point out below, there are circumstances in which linguistic prescription is perfectly appropriate, but most of the time the term prescriptivism is used in a second sense, one that carries with it a negative value judgment. In this second sense, prescriptivism is criticism of deviation from an arbitrary standard merely because it is deviation.We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us.Prescriptivists are of the view that correct usage should be defined by grammarians and authorities and they insist on correctness based on rules. In other words, they adhere to old rules. Descriptivists, on the other hand, say that the way a lot of people use the language is correct and promotes an evidence-based approach.In a similar way, linguists could have helped shape the debate much earlier in what continues to be a failed campaign by the dutiful prescriptivists against the split infinitive. Despite many years of prohibiting this form, dutiful prescriptivists have been largely unsuccessful in removing split infinitives from the language.What prescriptivists claim. Hare originally proposed prescriptivism as a kind of amendment to emotivism. Like emotivists, Hare believes that moral discourse is not primarily informative or fact-stating. But whereas emotivists claim that moral language is mainly intended to express feelings or to influence behavior, Hare believes that the ...Thus, prescriptivists' argument that Standard English is precise fails, shall we use a metaphor, to hold water. According to Ghomeshi, "Precision, like many other concepts, can only be assessed in terms of how accurately a message has been conveyed, not in terms of the form the message has taken" (62). The prescriptivist's argument is ...Prescriptivists follow the tradition of the classical grammars of Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, which aimed to preserve earlier forms of those languages so that readers in subsequent generations ...Prescriptivists. A forum for those Word Games that plague the Earth. Forum rules. 88 posts Page 3 of 9. Jump to page: ...Prescriptivists who seem harmful by being restricted as possible, cause no offense and make language be free from 'gobbledygook' as quoted by Dan Clayton. 11 Q Give me the first example of a benign prescriptivst? A The Plain English Campaign aims to make the English language clearer. They aim to get rid of cooperate 'gibberish'.Linguists, prescriptivists and the general public…and the media A variety of attitudes exist within each of three groups involved with prescriptivism: linguists, prescriptivists and the general public. And in addition to these, since it comes up in the articles5. The phrase an awful lot of is neutral when it uses awful in the sense "Exceedingly great; usually applied intensively. [ E.g. ] an awful bonnet [and] I have learnt an awful amount today." This sense applies if the phrase is not used sardonically. For example, sardonic tone could cause "What an awful lot of fish!"MarcInManhattan. 7,899 15 39. "Like" belongs to the adjective and preposition categories, but not to the subordinator category (and nor does "as"). The expression "like old rocks or unique autos" is a PP with the prep "like" as head, functioning as an adjunct, not a modifier in NP structure, i.e. it's not modifying "collection".Acknowledgements. This paper was written as part of the project Bridging the Unbridgeable: Linguists, Prescriptivists and the General Public, financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).Part of the analysis presented in this paper was done during the author's stay at Lancaster University in the winter of 2013.The Adhocracy Show: Ep. 034 -What is the difference between Prescriptivism and Descriptivism? Should language adapt or are english rules the rules?Arrant Ped...

Dr. Epstein says grammar rules have nothing to do with logic. Instead, they are based on social fashions, politics, and power. He gives the example of the double negative. As we mentioned on an .... Craigslist farm and garden eugene

prescriptivists

Prescriptivists argue that language should be used in a particular way rather than in a particular way. Linguists in England use the standard English and received pronunciation (the accent of the English home counties) to promote their language. A key component of the education, publishing, and other fields where English is required is the ...Dustin is a comic strip about Dustin Kudlick, an under motivated college grad who moves back in with his overachieving parents and teenage sister for “just a little while.”The meaning of PRESCRIPTIVIST is one who advocates prescriptive principles especially in grammar. How to use prescriptivist in a sentence.It also helps improve student peer relationships, which reduces moral disengagement and helps prevent bullying. 3. Teachers can also utilize social-emotional learning strategies in the classroom to help develop students' moral engagement. Through social-emotional learning, students can gain a deeper understanding of their own emotions and how ...Psychology. Psychology questions and answers. The following words can mean different things in different English-speaking countries. Use the resources available to you (people, books, the Internet) to find an additional meaning for each of these words: that is, different from its meaning in Canadian English. boot thong.Prescriptivists aren’t linguists, they’re people who know just enough about linguistics for the Donning-Kroger effect to kick in.According to the monitor hypothesis, the main purpose of language learning is to function as a Monitor for output produced by acquired system. However, as critics reveal through deeper investigation of the acquisition-learning distinction, to separate language learning clearly and adequately from language acquisition is impossible.Prescriptivists, language conservatives, and descriptivists, language liberals, would argue either way. Read the following frequently mispronounced words and phrases to help you decide. 1 Incorrect: chomp at the bit Correct: champ at the bit The idiom champ at the bit refers to the chewing action horses make while waiting to race.Jan 23, 2004 · Prescriptivists suggest that these sentences are a species of prescription or command, and may or may not offer an account of the state of mind such judgments express. While non-cognitivism was first developed as a theory about moral judgments (Ogden & Richards 1923, 125. Prescriptivists might say "tsunami" is right, "zunami" is wrong. Or "tsunami" is wrong because it's a foreign word and we already have a perfectly good English word "tidal wave". Or "tidal wave" is wrong because tsunamis have nothing to do with "tides". Or "tsuanmi" is wrong because it means "harbour wave" and tsunamis don't only occur in ...Koppelman and Garner also cover their mutual love of language and why descriptivists and prescriptivists just can't get along. Other highlights include Garner's personal warmth for Supreme ...The term prescriptive grammar refers to a set of norms or rules governing how a language should or should not be used rather than describing the ways in which a language is actually used. Contrast with descriptive grammar. Also called normative grammar and prescriptivism . A person who dictates how people should write or speak is called a ...It can be hard sometimes, when speaking, to remember all of the grammatical rules that guide us when we're writing. When is it right to say "the dog and me" and when should it be "the dog and I"? Does it even matter? Andreea S. Calude dives into the age-old argument between linguistic prescriptivists and descriptivists — who have two very different opinions on the matter. [Directed by Mike ...A descriptivist who gets mad at prescriptivism in general is like a population biologist who gets mad at tigers in general. Prescriptivists, like tigers, are part of the system being studied. Experts can have all the personal opinions they want, but "tigers are jerks" isn't biology, and "prescriptivists are jerks" isn't linguistics.Broad Use of 'Dilemma'. When dilemma first came into use in English, in the early 16th century, it was as a term of rhetoric, meaning “an argument presenting two or more equally conclusive alternatives against an opponent.”. By the end of the 16th century the word had begun to broaden, with meanings such as “a usually undesirable or ...1. Descriptivism and prescriptivism are two opposing approaches to the language. Descriptivist believe that linguistics should describe how people speak, while prescriptivists believe that linguistics should prescribe what people should say. Meanwhile, descriptivist would designate how people pronounce their words in specific contexts, while prescriptivists would prescribe what words they need ...Descriptivism is an approach to language that focuses on how language is used in everyday life. It looks at the different varieties of language and the value each one has. Prescriptivism is another approach to language, and it focuses on a perceived 'correct' way to use language. Prescriptivists believe that standard language use is superior to ... Certainly, by the turn of the century, the topic must have made contact with millions of popular intuitions at a level which had simply not existed a decade before. These are the kinds of statement which seem so obvious that most people would give them hardly a second thought. Of course English is a global language, they would say.Informed 3. Imaginative 4. And "a few other things," e.g. intellectually modest. Moral rationality includes 1. respect for the Golden Rule, 2. being informed of the relevant facts, and 3. genuinely imagining the situation in which a person finds him or herself..

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